In plants, abc proteins were originally identified as transporters involved in the final detoxification process, i. Research article open access diversity of abc transporter genes across the plant kingdom and their potential utility in biotechnology thomas s. Transcription of putative tonoplast transporters in. Abc transporter atabcg25 is involved in abscisic acid transport and responses takashi kuromoria, takaaki miyajib, hikaru yabuuchic, hidetada shimizud, eriko sugimotoa, asako kamiyaa, yoshinori moriyamab, and kazuo shinozakia,1 agene discovery research group, riken plant science center, yokohama, 2300045, japan. Involvement of an abc transporter in a developmental pathway.
Overexpression of the abc transporter avtab increases. Abc transporters involved in the transport of plant secondary. However, widespread planting for the past two decades of crops genetically engineered to produce bt proteins has spurred rapid evolution of resistance in pests. Molday, in progress in molecular biology and translational science, 2015. These transporters share highly conserved nucleotide binding domains nbds, which contain walker a, walker b and a signature motif, the c loop, linking the two walker boxes 4, 5.
This book is devoted to the fascinating superfamily of plant atpbinding cassette abc transporters and their variety of transported substrates. Abc transporter, periplasmic substratebinding protein vca0807. Functions of abc transporters in plants semantic scholar. The large number of abc transporter genes in arabidopsis and the involvement of mammalian abc transporters in the efflux of plantderived products, led to the hypothesis that plant abc transporters largely contribute to membrane transport of endogenous secondary metabolites in the plant body. Abc transporters regulate plant development by transporting plant hormones hormones are synthesized in specialized cells and are transported to target tissues. We found that the cer5 gene encodes an abc transporter localized in the plasma membrane of epidermal cells and conclude that it is required for wax export to the cuticle. Abc transporters often consist of multiple subunits, one or two of which are transmembrane proteins and one or. Activity of the purified plant abc transporter ntpdr1 is stimulated by. Functional analysis of the atpbinding cassette abc. The pollen wall consists of gametophytederived intine and sporophytederived exine. This gene, located on chromosome 3, is bordered by atmrp3 and atmrp7. The atpbinding cassette transporters abc transporters are a transport system superfamily that is one of the largest and possibly one of the oldest gene families. Involvement of an abc transporter in a developmental. Abc transporters in plants the atpbinding cassette abc transporters are members of a large family of active transport proteins energized directly by atp hydrolysis.
Abc transporter studies in plants have focused on identifying gene family members and their function using published reference genome sequences from arabidopsis thaliana arabidopsis, oryza sativa rice and vitus vinifera grape verrier et. Dec 06, 2011 the complex changes in root exudates observed in some abc transporter knockout plants indicate that these transporters are integrated in the overall metabolism of the plant. Plant cuticular lipid export requires an abc transporter jamie a. Eports plant cuticular lipid export requires an abc transporter. Bcrp plays a role in the secretion topotecan when both topotecan, a substrate of bcrp, and gf120918, an inhibitor of both bcrp and pgp, were. Arabidopsis mutants of atabcg22, an abc transporter gene. Whereas little is known about the role of abc transporters in animal hormone transport, in plants, these transporters have significant roles in phytohormone transport. In agreement, amirna426 targets two genes, among them the abc transporter atm3, of which its mutant presents dwarf and chlorotic plants 42. This study reports that the atm3 is required for cytosolic ironsulfur cluster assembly and is essential for meristem maintenance in rice oryza sativa.
Abc transporter exporters are generally encoded for by no more than two genes, usually arranged in tandem table 10. The complex changes in root exudates observed in some abc transporter knockout plants indicate that these transporters are integrated in the overall metabolism of the plant. However, when 100 m g of protein was loaded per lane, the antibody detected two bands in extracts of wildtype plants in the size range of z to 140 kd. Abscisic acid is a substrate of the abc transporter. Thirtytwo amirna lines showed significant differences. Abc transporters coordinately expressed during lignification. Abc transporters in plants are involved in a number of functions such as secondary metabolite transport francisco et al, 20, heavy metal detoxification archer, 2014, antibiotic transport. Author summary insectkilling proteins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis bt are increasingly important as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional insecticides. The mitochondrial atpbinding cassette transporter atm3 has been studied in arabidopsis.
Abc transporter atabcg25 is involved in abscisic acid. Terrestrial plants have two to four times more atpbinding cassette abc transporter genes than other organisms, including their ancestral. Atmrp6 atabcc6, an atpbinding cassette transporter. The abc transporter superfamily members are sometimes called the traffic atpases. A remorin gene is implicated in quantitative disease resistance in maize.
Bcrp is a member of the abc transporter family has only one atpbinding cassette and six transmembrane domains, suggesting that bcrp is a halftransporter, which may function as a homo or heterodimer. May 31, 2016 the atpbinding cassette abc transporter gene superfamily is ubiquitous among extant organisms and prominently represented in plants. Abc transporter is involves in the transportation of a large variety of nutrients, biosynthetic precursors, trace metals and vitamins, which is essential for the normal growth of plants 4849. All known plant abc transporter subfamilies were represented in our blast database. Abc transporters involved in the transport of plant. In plants and animals, abc transporters are detoxifying agents that purge cells of drugs and xenobiotics gottesman and pastan, 1993. In arabidopsis, the corresponding mutants were originally isolated on the basis of the resistance of their roots to growth inhibition and the promotion of. These inclusions represented abnormal deposits of cuticular wax and resembled inclusions found in. Diversity of abc transporter genes across the plant kingdom and. A waxy protective cuticle coats all primary aerial plant tissues. Analysis of porphyra membrane transporters demonstrates. The first evidence showing that abc transporters are involved in heavy metal resistance in eukaryotic cells has been obtained from experiments in schizosaccharomyces pombe and saccharomyces cerevisae, where a halfsize transporter of the abcb subclass and an abcctype transporter, respectively, have been shown to confer heavy metal tolerance.
The overexpression of maltose importertype abc transporter could enhance the production of avermectin and ivermectin li et al. A total of 3328 plants were screened for recombinants in. A remorin gene is implicated in quantitative disease. Currently it is unclear if iba acts as an auxin by itself or if it is a precursor of iaa and thus acts via iaa ludwigmuller 2007, strader and bartel 2008. Two medicago truncatula halfabc transporters are essential.
The atp binding cassette transporters abc transporters are a transport system superfamily that is one of the largest and possibly one of the oldest gene families. Multifaceted structures and mechanisms of abc transport. Thus, the applicability to biotechnology is vast, including cancer resistance in humans, drug resistance among vertebrates, and. The plant abc atpbinding cassette protein family consists of fullsize, halfsize and several soluble members that all share a cytosolic nbd. Plants were grown in a 12 h lightdark cycle for 4 weeks and subject to extended dark at the end of the dark phase. Roles of many abc transporters with subtle effects have not been recognized so far since their lossoffunction mutants do not exhibit any dramatic phenotype, but they may. It is represented in all extant phyla, from prokaryotes to humans abc transporters often consist of multiple subunits, one or two of which are transmembrane proteins and one or two of which are membraneassociated. Potential str orthologs were identified in all vascular plant species for which a whole genome sequence is available but not in arabidopsis, a. Atpbinding cassette abc proteins form a large and ubiquitous family, most members of which are membraneassociated primary transporters. Plant abc transporters enable many unique aspects of a. Functions of abc transporters in plant growth and development. Plant cuticular lipid export requires an abc transporter. Abc transporter superfamily is one of the largest and ubiquitous groups of proteins. Transcription of putative tonoplast transporters in response.
Plant genomes code for a particularly large number of. In insects, abc transporters are of special interest because of their role in insecticide resistance. Abc transporters manage the active transport of various molecules across biological membranes, including heavy metals, lipids, glucosinolates, and phytohormones hwang et al. Intro all organisms depend on membrane transport, whether. Abc proteins constitute one of the largest families of transporters found in all living organisms. Staton2, yanhui peng3, douglas edward soltis4,5,6, michael melkonian7, michael deyholos8, james h. The atpbinding cassette abc transporter gene superfamily is ubiquitous among extant organisms and prominently represented in plants. Mitochondrial abc transporter atm3 is essential for. As more amino acid sequence information became available, it was recognized that the primary structure of the atpbinding domains of.
We found that plants are enriched in abc and secondary active transporters, whereas animals have more ion channels table 1. Abc transporters act to transport compounds across cellular membranes and are involved in a diverse range of biological processes. It highlights their exciting biological functions, covering aspects ranging from cellular detoxification, through development, to symbiosis and defense. These putative transporters are homologous to the arabidopsis genes abcc10 and abcc8, respectively, which encode members of the abcc subgroup of tonoplastlocalized abc transporters.
Functions of abc transporters in plants essays in biochemistry. I will focus on a brief overview of the structure and function of abc transporters, and leave the details of proposed mechanisms for a different day and a different answer. The atpbinding cassette abc transporters belong to a large superfamily of proteins that have important physiological functions in all living organisms. In plants, a peroxisomal fullsize abc transporter, pxa1 or ped3, has very recently been described zolman et al. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page.
Abc transporters, ptype atpases and the solute carrier family slc. Media in category abc transporters the following 4 files are in this category, out of 4 total. Its synthesis requires extensive export of lipids from epidermal cells to the plant surface. Cgi58, a key regulator of lipid homeostasis and signaling. It is represented in all extant phyla, from prokaryotes to humans. As more amino acid sequence information became available, it was recognized that the primary structure of the atpbinding domains of these transporters was. Plant abc transporters enable many unique aspects of a terrestrial plant s lifestyle jaeung hwang 1, wonyong song2, daewoong hong, donghwi ko, yasuyo yamaoka1, sunghoon jang 1, sojeong yim, eunjung lee, deepa khare, kyungyoon kim1, michael palmgren3, hwan su yoon4, enrico martinoia5 and youngsook lee1,2 1department of life science, pohang university of science and technology. Unlike for yeast or mammalian abc transporters, a systematic, genomewide interactome of any auxin transporter has not yet been assembled for any plant organism. Abc transporters are primary active transporters, which transport a wide range of substrates mainly to the outside of a cell membrane or organelle. These proteins are fundamental to membrane transport of.
Abc transporter proteins definition of abc transporter. In other words, during the evolution of higher animals and plants, transporter genes were not simply multiplied in proportion to the increase in genome size, but distinct groups of transporter genes were expanded. Eports plant cuticular lipid export requires an abc. In plants, the second most numerous subfamily of abc transporters after abcgs is class b. Wherever appropriate, the relation of the physiological processes to environment is also discussed.
Pdf atpbinding cassette abc proteins form a large and ubiquitous family, most members of which are membraneassociated primary transporters. Most are integral membrane proteins that transport a broad spectrum of substrates across lipid membranes. The abcg subfamily is the largest of the abc transporter subfamilies in plants with 29 half transporter members in arabidopsis thaliana rea, 2007. The abc transporter superfamily is one of the largest transporter protein families in plants rea, 2007. Mitochondrial abc transporter atm3 is essential for cytosolic.
Bemisia tabaci q biotype is an emerging global invasive species that has caused extensive damages to. In arabidopsis thaliana, 120 genes encoding abc transporters have been identified. Critical view on abc transporters and their interacting. More than 120 genes have been annotated in the arabidopsis genome based on specific nucleotide binding motifs and multiple transmembrane domains sanchezfernandez et al. Arabidopsis cer5 mutants had reduced stem cuticular wax loads and accumulated sheetlike inclusions in the cytoplasm of waxsecreting cells. Mar 26, 2019 abc transporters comprise a large gene family in plants. Abc transporter lipid metabolism cholesterol mutation introduction the atpbinding cassette abc superfamily of active transporters is composed of about 50 functionally diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic transmembrane proteins higgins 1992, michaelis and berkower 1995. The abc motif is ancient and seen in bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, fish and mammals. Atpbinding cassette abc transporters constitute one of the largest protein superfamily and exists in all living organisms 1,2,3.
In higher plants, abc proteins are organized phylogenetically into eight clusters, namely the abcaabci subfamilies abch is not found in plants 1. Distribution of abc transporter genes across the plant. Functional redundancy of two abc transporter proteins in. Although crucial to pathogenicity on plants, only a limited number of abc transporters have been studied for their role in pathogenesis, for example, magnaporthe grisea abc1, abc3 and abc4 on rice. Because of their role in detoxification, insect abc transporters have gained more attention in recent years. Its function, however, is poorly understood in other model plant species.
Membrane transporters can be also divided into three main classes. The atpbinding cassette abc transporter osabcg3 is. How these structural layers are formed has been under extensive. The pollen wall, which protects male gametophyte against various stresses and facilitates pollination, is essential for successful reproduction in flowering plants. In this study, we annotated abc transporters from a newly sequenced sweetpotato whitefly genome.
Diversity of abc transporter genes across the plant. The abcg subfamily is the largest of the abc transporter subfamilies in plants with 29 halftransporter members in arabidopsis thaliana rea, 2007. From outside to inside of exine are tectum, bacula, nexine i and nexine ii layers. Thus, the applicability to biotechnology is vast, including cancer resistance in. A plant abc transporter stimulated by antimicrobial terpenes.
Mutations in the gene that codes for one of these abc transporter proteins is believed to be responsible for cystic fibrosis. Diversity of abc transporter genes across the plant kingdom. Iba, long considered as a synthetic auxin, is a closely related native auxin and can be converted to iaa in a peroxisomedependent reaction zolman et al. Here, the characterization of one member of the mrp subclass, atmrp6, is described. Therefore, osals1 might transport al in complexed form from the cytosol to the vacuole. Originally identified in microbial and animal cells, abc transporters are able to use the energy of atp hydrolysis directly to pump organic molecules especially large anionic. Indiana instate and outofstate waste tire transporter.
Abc transporters comprise a large gene family in plants. All primary aerial organs of land plants are covered with a waxy cuticle that is essential. Although cftr belongs to a different abc transporter subclass, this regulatory module consisting of protein phosphorylation and ppi seems to be conserved. Plants are exposed to a large number of potentially toxic compounds, such as the byproducts of internal metabolic processes, certain minerals within the soil, toxins produced by pathogens, and anthropogenic compounds, such as herbicides and industrial waste. Atpbinding cassette or abc transporters are a large superfamily of proteins found in all living organisms including bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. The highly conserved sequence and gene structure within the abc superfamily may reflect a common transporter structure and mechanism of action despite substrate. The abc transporter family consists of proteins that contain one or more atpbinding cassette domains and derive energy from atp hydrolysis to transport hydrophilic molecules across membranes. C abc transporters are responsible for drug resistance o if anticancer drugs do not show any positive effect, this is frequently due to overexpression of the pglycoprotein, a member of the abc transporter superfamily or multidrug resistance mdr transporters o built from 4 modules. Arabidopsis mutants of atabcg22, an abc transporter gene, increase water transpiration and drought susceptibility takashi kuromori gene discovery research group, riken plant science center, 1. Atpbinding cassette abc transporters in human metabolism.
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